What is Ransomware?
Quick Answer
Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts your files and demands payment (usually in cryptocurrency) for the key to unlock them. It often enters organizations through phishing emails.
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files, making them inaccessible, and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key. Modern ransomware attacks often include 'double extortion'—attackers steal sensitive data before encrypting and threaten to publish it if the ransom isn't paid. Ransomware typically enters organizations through phishing emails with malicious attachments or links, though it can also spread through vulnerable internet-facing services. The impact can be devastating: operations halt, data is lost, and recovery costs far exceed the ransom amount.
How Ransomware Works
Initial access
Attackers gain entry through phishing emails, compromised credentials, or vulnerable services.
Lateral movement
Once inside, attackers spread through the network to identify valuable targets and maximize impact.
Data exfiltration
Before encryption, attackers often steal sensitive data for additional leverage.
Encryption
The ransomware encrypts files across accessible systems, rendering them unusable.
Ransom demand
Victims see a ransom note with payment instructions, usually demanding cryptocurrency.
Real-World Examples
A phishing email with an attachment disguised as an invoice that installs ransomware when opened.
A compromised software update that delivers ransomware to all systems that install the update.
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) access gained through stolen or weak credentials used to deploy ransomware.
A malicious email link that downloads ransomware disguised as a document viewer.
How to Protect Yourself
Maintain regular, tested backups that are isolated from your network (so ransomware can't encrypt them too).
Train employees to recognize phishing — it's the most common entry point for ransomware.
Keep all systems patched and updated to eliminate known vulnerabilities.
Use endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools to identify ransomware behavior.
Implement the principle of least privilege to limit what attackers can access.
How Marulk Helps
Marulk's phishing simulations train your team to recognize ransomware and other threats through hands-on experience. When someone encounters a simulated attack, they get instant micro-training explaining what they missed.
Get startedFrequently Asked Questions
Should we pay the ransom?
Most security experts and law enforcement advise against paying. Payment doesn't guarantee you'll get a working decryption key, encourages more attacks, and may fund criminal or terrorist organizations. Focus on prevention and backup recovery instead.
How does ransomware enter organizations?
Phishing emails are the most common entry point—malicious attachments or links that install malware. Other vectors include compromised remote access (RDP), vulnerable software, and infected websites. Employee training significantly reduces the phishing risk.
Can antivirus stop ransomware?
Antivirus and endpoint protection can catch known ransomware variants, but new variants are constantly developed. A defense-in-depth approach combining technical controls, backups, and employee training provides the best protection.
How long does ransomware recovery take?
Recovery can take days to months depending on the extent of encryption, quality of backups, and organizational readiness. Many organizations experience weeks of disruption. Prevention through training and backups is far more cost-effective than recovery.
Related Security Topics
Credential Phishing
Credential phishing tricks users into entering their login credentials on fake websites that look identical to legitimate services. Once captured, these credentials give attackers access to email, financial systems, and other sensitive accounts.
Learn moreSocial Engineering
Social engineering is the use of psychological manipulation to trick people into making security mistakes or giving away sensitive information. It exploits human nature rather than technical vulnerabilities.
Learn moreIndustries Most Affected by Ransomware
While all organizations face these threats, some industries are particularly targeted.
Healthcare Practices
Medical records are worth more than credit cards on the black market. For small healthcare practices, a phishing attack can mean HIPAA violations, patient harm, and devastating fines.
Industry-specific trainingManufacturing Companies
Manufacturing operations depend on complex supply chains and large payments. Phishing attacks targeting accounts payable and procurement can disrupt production and drain finances.
Industry-specific trainingDental Practices
Dental practices store patient health records, insurance details, and payment information—making them targets for cybercriminals seeking valuable personal data.
Industry-specific trainingTrain Your Team to Recognize Ransomware
Knowledge is the first step. Practice makes it stick. Marulk's phishing simulations give your team hands-on experience recognizing ransomware and other social engineering attacks.